Tor's core encryption receives a critical overhaul with Counter Galois Onion (CGO) adoption,

a research-driven upgrade enhancing user security against sophisticated threats.

This fundamental shift addresses critical weaknesses in the nameless predecessor (retroactively labeled tor1).

Three primary vulnerabilities prompted the replacement:

Tagging attacks represent the most severe risk,

allowing adversaries to manipulate traffic at one network point

and detect alterations downstream to trace user activity.

Even unsuccessful attempts create exploitable side effects over time.

Forward secrecy limitations constitute another flaw.

Unlike modern protocols (e.g., Signal) that destroy decryption keys immediately after use,

tor1 reused AES keys throughout a circuit's lifespan.

Compromising a live key exposed all prior communications on that circuit.

A third issue involved tor1's insufficient 4-byte authenticator,

offering a 1-in-4-billion chance of undetected message forgery.

While practical exploitation faced hurdles like circuit termination on failed attempts

and existing pathbias defenses, stronger authentication was deemed essential.

Implementation progress is actively underway.

CGO cryptography is functional in Arti (Tor's Rust implementation)

and integrated into the C codebase for relay compatibility.

Significant code refactoring was necessary to accommodate new relay cell structures

and multiple encryption methodologies, future-proofing the system.

Next development priorities include:

Enabling stable CGO support by default in Arti.

Implementing complex CGO negotiation for onion services (initially Arti-focused).

Optimizing performance for contemporary CPUs,

leveraging initial promising results while tackling optimization challenges in C.

This transition marks a substantial leap in cryptographic resilience

for the Tor network's foundational data protection mechanisms.

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